File System
Introduction to Linux(Linux 4 n00bs)
General
For more specific information navigate here: http://tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/sect_03_01.html
/bin
Common programs, shared by the system, the system administrator and the users.
/boot
The startup files and the kernel, vmlinuz. In some recent distributions also grub data. Grub is the GRand Unified Boot loader and is an attempt to get rid of the many different boot-loaders we know today.
/dev
Contains references to all the CPU peripheral hardware, which are represented as files with special properties.
/etc
Most important system configuration files are in /etc, this directory contains data similar to those in the Control Panel in Windows
/home
Home directories of the common users.
/initrd
(on some distributions) Information for booting. Do not remove!
/lib
Library files, includes files for all kinds of programs needed by the system and the users.
/lost+found
Every partition has a lost+found in its upper directory. Files that were saved during failures are here.
/misc
For miscellaneous purposes.
/mnt
Standard mount point for external file systems, e.g. a CD-ROM or a digital camera.
/net
Standard mount point for entire remote file systems
/opt
Typically contains extra and third party software.
/proc
A virtual file system containing information about system resources. More information about the meaning of the files in proc is obtained by entering the command man proc in a terminal window. The file proc.txt discusses the virtual file system in detail.
/root
The administrative user's home directory. Mind the difference between /, the root directory and /root, the home directory of the root user.
/sbin
Programs for use by the system and the system administrator.
/tmp
Temporary space for use by the system, cleaned upon reboot, so don't use this for saving any work!
/usr
Programs, libraries, documentation etc. for all user-related programs.
/var
Storage for all variable files and temporary files created by users, such as log files, the mail queue, the print spooler area, space for temporary storage of files downloaded from the Internet, or to keep an image of a CD before burning it